Duhmâng leh Dârdini: Nunna Meipui Nge, Thihna Tui Thiang?

Greek Philosopher Aristotle khan Tragedy nihphung leh ziarangte mumal takin a lo chhui tawh a, ani hnua philosopher zinga tragedy awmzia leh nihphung chhuia, chîk taka bihchiang leh thei bertu chu German Philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel hi a ni thei awm e. Aristotle khan Greek tragedy behchhanin tragedy awmzia leh nihphung chu a lo hrilh fiah tawh a:

 “Tragedy chu thawnthu tluantling ṭha tâwk fang tak, khûn taka nunchan zirna a ni a; a thu kalhmang chu ṭawngkam mawi taka remkhawm, chham lo va chan theih si, lainatna leh hlauhna chawk tho va, thin tâwt ut ut tiveng hawk thei khawpa lemchan hmuhnawm hi a ni”(Theory of Literature, 67) tiin.

 Hei bâkah hian tragedy siamtu ber zinga a ngaih a sawi zau lehnaah chuan, tragedy chu thil tih a lem entawn (imitation of an action) a ni a, chumi tur chuan tu emaw mi bîk a ngai a, chu mi chuan mizia leh ngaihtuahna danglam bik neiin chung mizia leh ngaihtuahna danglam bikte chuan thiltih (action) siamin, chu chuan hlawhtlinna emaw chhiatna a thlen ta ṭhin niin a ngai (Poetics VI, 24). 

Hetiang hian lemchan khûnkhân tak a nihna te, a changtu thiltih (action) avanga harsatna leh buaina lo lang te'n a entu mipuia khawngaihna leh hlauhna siamsak a, an rilru a ti ven hawk theihna chu tragedy nihphung berah a ruat a, thil dik leh âwm tak a nihna lai a awm.

Hegel-a ve thung chuan ‘Aesthetik’ tih a ziahah chuan tragedy siamtu ber leh tragedy awmtir bertu chu, a khûnkhânna leh modern tragedy kan hriat dan tlanglawn anga chhiatnaa tâwp a nihna ngawt hi niin a hre lo a, tragedy siamtu ber chu buaina/harsatna (conflict)-ah hian a awm zawk niin a ngai. Tragedy-a harsatna leh buaina (conflict) lo awm chhan tak pawh chu, mihringa thil ṭha leh ṭha lo kan hriatna hnâr ‘ethical substance’ vang niin a sawi a. Mimal leh chhungkhua emaw khawtlangin thil dik leh ṭha nia kan hriat ve ve a insut chiah hian buaina (conflict)  thûk tak a awm ṭhin a, thil ṭha leh ṭha lo ai mahin, thil ṭha leh ṭha nia kan hriat indona hi tragic nihphung leh tak ber niin a ngai. (Aesthetik, iii. 479-581)

Mihring hian keimahni thlirna zâwna thil ṭha leh dik nia hriat kan nei ṭheuh a, chung chu tih hlawhtlin ngei pawh kan duh ṭhin. Chutih rual chuan kha thil dik leh ṭha kan tihna zâwnah tho khan thil dik leh ṭha em em tho si a lang nen a inhal tlat chang a awm ṭhin a, ṭhenkhat chuan a lehlam leh a lehlam thlir tawn lem lovin ṭha nia an hriat an kalpuina lamah chhiatna an tawng baw ta ṭhin a ni.

Hei hi tragic hero awm dan dik tak niin a sawi a, entirnan, Hegel-a'n “ tragedy entirna ṭha ber” (the perfect exemplar of tragedy) tia a lo sawi Antigone lemchannah chuan, Antigone-a unaupa chuan a pianna khawpui chu phatsanin a sipai khawmte nen a pianna khawpui a rûn a, a thih phah ta a, an  lal Creon chuan mahni ram phatsantu chu hrem ngei ngei tur niin a ngai a, Antigone-a unaupa ruang pawh zahawm taka vui Creon chuan a phalsak lo va, mahse Antigone chuan ram phatsantu pawh ni se a unaupa mihring a nihna anga ṭha taka vui liam chu thil nih dan tur dik tak niin a hre ve tlat bawk si, he thil dik leh awm ang tak ve ve insu hian buaina (conflict) lian tak siamin chhiatna a thlen chho ta hial a ni.

Mizote'n nula leh tlangval inhmangaihna thawnthu kan neih behchhana Lalsangzuala'n ‘Duhmanga leh Dardini’ tih lemchan ngaihnawm tak mai a ziah pawh hi Hegelian tragedy a phawk chhuakin Hegel-a'n tragedy a sawi dân tifiahtu lemchan ṭha tak niin a lang.

 Chhungkhaw pahnih buaina avanga induh em em Romeo leh Juliet te an awm dun theih hun tur an beiseina thihna kaltlanga a thamral leh ta ang deuh khan, Vangtlang lal fapa Duhmanga chuan daitâma liankual zinga khawsa hmeithai fanu, hmel, pianah leh miziaa tu tluk rual ni si lo Dardini nen hmangaihna dung chhirin khawtlanga an dinhnun inthlauna pawh zah zo lovin nî leh thla chu hun khatah vul dun tir an tum a. Duhmanga nu leh pa te chuan an fapa chu tlang chang mai tur a nih hriain vantlang ngaih leh an tih dan phunga  awm sa (social/culture norms) chu kaltlangpui duhin an fapa chuan lal fanu emaw mi ṭha fa ngei nei se tiin an duhsak a.

Duhmanga erawh chuan hmangaihna avang liau liaua Dardini chu nei duh a nih avangin a ngaih dan chu thil dik niin a hre ve thung a; daikil kara mi nia an hriat chuti taka hmuhsit chu thil dik niin a ngai lo reng reng bawk. Upa min fanu Saikii pawh namnulin ‘Dardini lo chu’ a ti ve tlat a ni. Heng thil pahnih, an ngaih dan anga thlirpuia thil dik ni ve ve si hi a insu ta a ni.

Hegel-a ngaih dan ang khan, Duhmanga nu leh pate’n an fapa chu lal fapa a nih anga khawtlang ngaiha mi ṭha fa tho nena zahawm taka inneihtir an duhna chu thil âwm tak a ni a, Duhmanga pawhin mi chhiat leh ṭhat thlir lova hmangaihna tak tak avanga Dardini neih chu thil dik leh ṭha nia a hriat kha ngaih dan sual lo tak a ni bawk. Mahse he ngaih dan dik ve ve insu hian buaina (conflict) thûk tak a siam chhuak a, Hegel-a sawi danin Tragic character-te chuan dik an tih lam an thlûk nasat avangin, an thil duh leh dik an tih te tihhlawhtlin tum lutukna ve ve chuan rin phâk bâka chhiatna a thlen ṭhin niin a ngai a, he lemchannah pawh hian Duhmanga leh a nu leh pate’n an duhzawng, ṭha leh dik nia an hriat ve ve tihhlawhtlin an tumnaah thihna hial a thleng ta a ni.

Hegel-a'n buaina (conflict) lo awm chhan ethical substance a sawiah khan han kir leh ta lawk ila, mihring hi kan ngaih dan leh thiltih (action) thununtu lian tak chu chhungrila chhungkua leh khawtlang, nu leh pa leh an fate, nupui pasal, lal leh a khua leh tui inkara hlen tur thil (obligations and feelings) awm tlata hriatna hi a ni a, hmangaihtu paw'n a hmangaih tâna inhlan chu a thil tih mâkmawh niin a hre ṭhin a, chung chuan mihring chetzia hi a kaihruai ṭhin. 

Nitin hian heng thil hi kan nunpui a, khawvela buaina tam tak pawh chîk taka chhut chuan heng keimahnia thil dik leh ṭha nia kan hriat subjective ethics nunpui ṭheuh kan tumna avang leh chung thil chu ṭha leh dik kan tih dân inang si lo avanga buaina lian tak lo awm ta a nih duh hmel hle a ni.

Hetiang a nih avang hian Hegel chuan Tragedy takna leh a rilna ber chu buaina (conflict) nia a ngai hi a awm hle a ni. Duhmanga khan Dardini a hmangaihna kha a dikin a thianghlim hle niin a hria a, mihring hmel mawina piah lama retheih leh hausa thliar lova mi a hmangaih theihna kha a dik hle niin a hriat bawk avangin a nu leh pate paw'n an thlir thiam mai ringin Dardini nen chuan tluang takin an inneih theih mai a ring a, a ngaih dan chu dik leh ṭha a tih êm avangin thil kal sual lutuk theiin a ngai lo.

Hei tak hi Duhmanga tragic flaw chu a ni a, Dardini a neih theih nan ruahmanna fel tak a siam a, mahse a pute khua aṭanga a lo haw lamah midang rualin a rammu ve leh nghal a, thil dik nia a hriat a ethical substance bawk: pasalṭha a nihna anga rammut chu a tih tur nia a hriatna chuan Dardini nena an ruahmanna chu a tikhawlo zo ta a.

Duhmanga nu leh pate paw'n an fapa chuan mi ṭha fa ngei a neih chu thil dik nia an ngaihna an kal natpui lutuk a, rethei an hmuhsitna a zualin an fapa nun leh beiseina chu an tihchhiatsak ta vek zawk a, an khua ngei pawhin a tawrh phah ta a nih kha.

He lemchan hi tragedy sâng tak a nihna lai chu, thil ṭha leh dik nia an ngaih ve ve insual hian tragic character te mai ni lo, midang tam tak chhiatnaah a hnuk lut a, Duhmanga phei chu tlachhe tak a ni tiin a sawi theih ang. Hegel-a theory hian character-ah tu zawk nge dik a, tu zawk nge dik lo tih bûk a tum lem lo a, bûk theih a nih lohna lai a awm zawk a; anmahnia turtu awm an ethical substance chu inrual khai taka a dik ve ve (equally justified) ṭhin avang tak hian bûk theih pawh a ni lo. Hemi avang taka chhiatna lo thleng hi ‘tragic’ a nihna bik tak pawh niin a lang. Duhmanga leh a nu leh pate kha an mahni nawrtu an ethical substance ve ve kha a dik a, mahse an kal natpui avangin chhiatna a lo thleng ta zawk a ni.

A dik a dik chuan, thawnthu te, movie te kan en apianga protagonist kan rilruin a lo ṭan nghal a, antagonist/villain te a lo huat nghal ngawt chhan hi ngun taka kan ngaihtuah chuan thawnthu min hmuhtir dân emaw an sawi chhuahna narratology vang a ni a tih theih. 

A thawnthu sawituin a sawi chhuah dân leh tute chanchin nge a sawi tih khan a chhiartute ṭan tur leh ṭan loh tur chu a siam rem nghal vek a, kan âwn lam tur chu a narrator thlirna aṭangin pek kan ni a, chuvangin a narrator-in mi fel zawk tur anga min chawpsak chu ṭanin mi sual ni tura a duh chu kan haw mai ṭhin. Mahse Hegel-a theory-in a lantir chian deuh chu, narrator thlirna chu kan lak thlak a, a sir lehlam aṭanga kan thlir ve thung chuan a lehlama awmte ethical substance khan min lo hmuak ve thung a, an thlirna leh an dinhmun kha dik lo tawp chu an ni bik lo tih kan hre thei ṭhin. Hemi avang tak hian antagonist/villain hi an lo awm phah ṭhin bawk a ni.

Hegel hian Classical Tragedy dah sang hle mah se, buaina lo inmung chhohin a tâwp a thlen danah Modern Tragedy chu ṭha zawk leh zau zawk niin a hria a. Modern Tragedy-ah chuan a tâwpah mimal thila buaina mai ni tawh lovin, a subject chu lalna inchhuhna te, ram leh ram intihbuaina te, mihringa dikna chanvo humhim duhna avanga buaina lian zawkah a tâwp ṭhin. Classical Tragedy erawh kha chu mimal, chhungkua emaw khawtlanga buainaah bawk a inbâwk fel leh ṭhin a, hemi dungzui hian ‘Duhmanga leh Dardini’ lemchan pawh Duhmanga leh Dardini leh Duhmanga chhungte inkarah a lemchan kha a tâwp a ni.

Hetih rual hian Hegel-a'n mimal (subjectivity) a dah len chhan chu modern sentiment leh modern art ziarang hian danglam bikna a ken tel vang niin a sawi a. ‘Duhmanga leh Dardini’ lemchan danglamna pawh a background-ah rammut lo lang hian khua leh khua inkarah buaina a awm tih a ti lang a, Duhmanga tragic flaw-ah a inthlunzawm nghal bawk;  chutih rual chuan Duhmanga te mimala an buaina chu a khawih buai em em lo niin a lang a, lemchana buaina inthlun dan hi a felfaiin Classical leh Modern tragedy sentiment min tem khawp tir thei lemchan niin a lang.

He lemchan bikah hian buaina/harsatna (conflict) tarlang chiang bertu-khawtlang, hnam/chhungkaw dân (norms) leh mimal thlirna leh duhna inbeihna kha Duhmanga chungah tlain, duhthlanna a kuta awm chu Chan V, Lan Ina-ah, “Tunah zawng, Nunna meipui nge ka thlan ang, thihna tui thiang tih a ni ta” tiin Duhmanga chuan a sawi chhuak a, he thu tawi tê hian a lemchan pumpui hi a thlung khawm a tih theih âwm e.

Nunna meipui chuan a entir chu lal fapa a nihna anga a tih tur ti zelin nupui pawh khawtlang thlirna anga a phu tâwk mi ṭha fanu neih kha a ni a, mahse chu chu Dardini thlauh thlakna, hmangaihna man a pekna chuan a dam chhung zawngin meipui angin a hliau tawh dawn tih a hria a. Thihna tui thiang erawh chu Dardini nena damchhung hun hmang tura a lalna kalsan a, retheih leh nuihzat pawh huama hmangaihna thlan a ni thung a, a lalna rilru aṭang chuan thihna kawng mah ni se, tui ang maiin a dam dawn tih a hre thung si a ni.

He duhthlannaah hian khawtlang dân leh a nu leh pate’n ṭha an tih zawng chu thlirpui thiam pha tho mah se, khawtlang dân leh lal tlang chang tur a nihna ai chuan amah turtu a mimal ethical substance zawk kha a dah lian a, chu chuan chhiatna lian tak hring chhuakin he lemchan hi ‘tragedy’ nihna a pe ta a ni.  He lemchan aṭang hian hringnun tak taka hrarsatna tam zawk hi khawtlang (society)  dân leh mimal ngaih dân lo piang dik leh nghet tak si insual avanga lo chhuak a nihzia a tichiang hle awm e.

References:

Aristotle, Poetics, Fingerprints Classic, 2019.

Bradly. A.C, Oxford Lecture on Poetry, Atlantic Publishers & Distributions, First published in 1909.

Cuddon. J.A. Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Theory, 2013.

Hegel, George Wilhelm Friedrich, Introductory Lectures on Aesthetics, Penguin Classics 1993.

Theory of Literature Bu Thar, ed. Dr. Laltluangliana Khiangte, Department of Mizo, Mizoram University, Revised & Enlarged 2017.