Zawlpala Thlan Tlang: An Eco-Critical Analysis
Hei hi Mizo thuziak mite nihphung a nih ang bawkin Khawlkungi pawh hi a hual veltu leh a chênna Mizoram leilung mawina leh lan dante a thuziakah a tar lang lo thei lo va, a bik takin Zawlpala Thlan Tlang-ah hian a thawnthu sawi hawn nan leh bul ṭanna atan te, a changtu (character) te rilru tar lan nan te a hmang tlangpui a, khuarel thil awm dan a sawi chhuahna (nature description) pawh a mawiin a fiah fel fai ang reng hle.
Zawlpala Thlan Tlang thawnthua khuarel (nature) lo lan dan leh Khawlkhungi'n a tar lan dan a fiah lehzual nan Eco-critical theory tarmit vuaha thlirin a fiah lehzual a rinawm a, chumi hma chuan Ecocriticism awmzia hetiang hian tawi têin lo sawi fiah hmasa ila. Khuarel thil (nature) chunga kan khawsak dan hian kan chungah nghawng thui tak a nei lêt fo va, chutianga thil lo thleng te leh khuarel thil kan thlir dan leh an chunga mihring khawsak dan leh a nghawng thil zawng zawng aṭanga mihring nena an inlaichinna leh inlungkaihna lai thu leh hlaa lo lang chu an zirchiang ta ṭhin a, chu chu Ecocriticism chu a ni tiin tawi fel takin a sawi theih a, an thlirna ze hrang hrangte chu Eco-critical theory an ni.
The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology tih buah chuan Cherlly Glotfelty chuan Ecocriticism chu, “thu leh hla (literature) leh min hual veltu (physical environment) inkhungkaihna zir chianna hi a ni e” (xviii) tiin a hrilh fiah a. Ecocriticism tih thumal hmang hmasa bertu William Reuckert chuan Literature and Ecology: An Experiment in Ecocriticism tih thusep a ziahah chuan “Ecocriticism chu ecology zirna leh ecological concept-te a taka thu leh hlaa hman chhuahna hi a ni” (qtd. The Ecocriticism Reader, xx) tiin Ecocriticism chu Ecology zirna thu leh hlaa seng luh hi niin a sawi ve thung. Heng hrilh fiahna aṭang hian Ecocriticism chu mihring leh khuarel thil (nature) inzawmna leh inkhungkaihna lai tak thu leh hlaa lo lang zir chiana a nihna chu a kawk ve ve tho a tih theih awm e.
Zawlpala Thlan Tlang thawnthua khurel thil (nature) tar lan a nih dan leh Khawlkhungi'n khuarel thil (nature) a hman dan hi kawng thumin a thlir theih a, chutiang chuan Eco-critical theory zinga pastoral ecology behchhan deuhin hetiang hian lo zir chiang dawn ila:
1. Nature As An Aesthetic Portrayal:
Novelist tam tak ten an thawnthua khuarel thil (nature) an tar lan tam chhan leh an hman chhan hi a tlangpuiin a thawnthu innghahna hmunin azir avang leh a ziaktu rilru leh a ziahna hmun te'n khuarel thil an hnaih vang niin a lang a. Khawlkungi pawh hi a seilenna hmunin a thuziak a nghawng dan leh thununna (environmental determinism) chu thu hran ni se, Zawlpala Thlan Tlang thawnthu bîka khuarel thil lo lan tam chhan langsar ber chu zokhua/thingtlang hmuna innghat (pastoral/rural setting) a nih vang a ni a tih theih.
He thawnthuah hian hmun chi thum langsar tak tak a awm a, chung chu Phulpui, Reiek leh Aizawl te an ni. A thawnthu innghahna kum (time setting) chu 1940-1943 a ni a, a hun thu te nen ngaihtuahin Phulpui leh Reiek phei chu a la zo hle ang a; thing leh mau a la tamin tun dinhmun aiin nungcha pawh hmuh tur a la tam ang tih a rin theih a, chutiang chiahin Aizawl hmun tam tak pawh a la ngaw-in a rinawm.
Ram pawn lam leh khaw dangte lo lang ve zeuh zeuh mah se, heng hmun pathumah hian a thawnthu hi a innghat kual ber a, heng hmuna khuarel thilte hi tar lan an ni ber bawk. Amaherawhchu, pastoral ecology aṭanga thlir chuan, Khawlkungi hian Khawpui lam (Aizawl) aiin Zokhaw lam boruak leh lan dan a ngaih pawimawh zawkin tar lan a tum ber zawk niin a lang a, a changtute a vah kual tir nasain protagonist ber Remi chu awmna hmun nghet nei lo (pastoral) a ni a, mahse hei hi hmang ṭangkaiin Remi kaltlangin hmun hrang hranga khuarel thil chu a tar lang nasa thung.
Khawlkungi hian he thawnthuah hian khuarel tar lan dan leh hman dan nghet pakhat a nei a, chu chu a narration tihngaihnawmna atan leh a thawnthu chei mawi nan thil thleng inṭhamchhoh lai leh bung (chapter) inṭannaah khuarel thil awm dan (nature description) a tar lang fo va, zokhaw boruak a nawmna leh mawina tar lan a tum ber niin a lang. Entir nan Bung 1-na ṭantirah chuan:
“Pawltlâk thla a ni bawk a, furpui hnuaia chawnpui par vul chûk mai ṭhinte chu mawi hle mah sela, an mawina zawng zawng luahlan zo khawpin, Pâng lêrah thlasik arpui tiat tak meuhva a ṭumna a rei tâk hnu chuan, thlasik hun a inher chhuak ta a. Thlasik tih takah, zing ni chhuakte chu a êng no ruih mai a, chhehrâwpa mai zâm hnah chenin an êng sêt hlawm tawh mai a ni”.
Bung 11-na bul ṭanna:
“Favang tih takah zing ni chhuak a êng ruih mai bawk si. Thlawhhma lam han thlir lahin sawhthing mo thar takngial pawh fa tinrêng karah, hnah kâk fe fe chhuahin an ding ther ve sang mai a. Zuva ve ngai lova thuchâng, hniam fahran maiah hian an ding hring ve hlap hlap a. Di zung ṭan siamin a bula thil tlang ril rel te pawh chu mahni tâwk tâwkin an no ve hlawm a. Vau lenbuang zarah lungdi ṭangnêm hrût chung zela favang ni êng mawizia hrilh niawm taka Mimsirikut pa hrâm karh karh, hui chhuk thli nêm diai maiin a han chhem her liai liai te chuan chhuan chham hlauva phelêng ve mai mai rual an ni lo tih a tarlang chiang hle mai”.
Hetiang hian bung (chapter) ṭanna leh a thawnthu boruak siam chhoh nan khuarel (nature) chu a hmang ṭhin a, lemziaktuin chiang taka thil hmun hma a ziak ang maia fiah leh mawiin he thawnthu innghahna hmun hma mawina (aesthetic beauty) chu tar lanin a awm ṭhin a, suangtuahna mita hmuh theih turin fiah felfai takin a ziaktu hian a narrate thiam a ni. Entirna dang han la chhuak leh ila, Remi te ram lama an riah laia zan boruak awm dan chu hetiang hian a tar lang a:
“Thlasik khawthiang tih takah, zan khaw thiang vul maia thla a han êng te chu a mawi êm êm mai a. Ṭân lui kâr aṭang chuan Reiek tlâng ep chiah, Chhawrpial tlâng khâm ruih mai te chu a lang chiang êm êm a. Buh kûng kâra chhawhchhi kûng ṭawi lii liai te leh tumthang par vul chêk maite chu thla chuan a chhun êng iar mai a. Ṭân luidung te chu a lui kawi ang angin thla chuan a chhun tle sût a, hmuhnawm thamin a mawi a ni”
Hei bakah hian Remi te ṭhian dunin Phulpui an tlawh leh ṭum a, zana Pu Rova damlo an zuk tlawh tur kawng laka khaw awm dan chu hetiang hian chiang leh tawi fel tak siin a tarlang a:
“Thla detîr lah chu unau hmelhaiah a tla liam daih tawh si a, khua a thim hle mai a. Zan arsi chu an êng fiah hle thung a, chhohreivûng pawh Chalfilh tlâng chungah a inkham ruih tawh a” tiin.
Hetiang hian Khawlkungi hian a thawnthu chei mawi nan leh a narration tih mawi nan khuarel thil (nature) chu a hmang ber a, a lung kuai zâwng leh suangtuahnaa zeldinna tel lo pawha a lan dan ang anga khuarel thil a tar lanna bikte hi a mawi mah zawkin a lang a, a fiah felfai bawk. Chuvangin Khawlkungi hi nature lam a tar lannah hian pictorial expressiveness a nei ṭha hle a tih theih awm e.
2. Nature As A Depiction of Peace And Tranquillity:
Khawlkungi hian he thawnthu hmang hian zokhaw boruak nawmna leh mawina te tar lan a tum hle niin a lang a, a tichiangtu chu, he thawnthua hmun pawimawh Aizawl hi lang ngun hle mah se, Aizawl chungchang a tar lan lai chuan mipui nunphung buai tak a tar lang ngun ber thung. Indopui II-na avanga a ralmuan lohna zawng zawng nena a tarlan aṭangin zokhua/thingthlang lam chu a lêtin a nuamin a hahdam thlak zawk niin a lang. He thawnthua khawpui lam-Aizawl a lo lan dan hmasa ber chu:
“Mizoram pawh indona chuan a rawn nghawr thleng ve ta a...Aizawlah pawh ral a muang ta lo va, Mizorama englai maha thlawhtheihna la hmu ngai lote chuan Aizawl khaw chunga thlawhtheihna lo thlâwk ve ṭhinte chu hmuhnawm an ti a, an hlau bawk si. Zanah te chuan tu man mei an tiêng ngam lo va. Zosapho pawhin an Kohhran huang chhunga mite chu mei tithim turin an hrilh ngun ve êm êm a, mei zu ngam pawh an awm lo” tiin.
Hetianga Aizawl an buai lai leh an ralmuan loh lai hian a piah lawk Reiek khua a tar lan dan ve thung chu:
“Reiek khua chu a la ralmuang hle a, buh ei an harsa lo bawk a, an dân pangngaiin lo an nei a, an la inlâwm dual dual tho va, an tlangval chhuanvawr tak takte erawh chu sipaia an inpêk tâk hlawm avangin an lâwmnute erawh chu lunglêngin an vân an vân ve hlawm thung a ni” tiin.
Hetiang hian khawpui nun leh zokhaw nun chu a chhiartute’n an rilrua an khaikhin theih turin a rawn chhawp chhuak a. Zokhaw lam, thingtlang lam chu an nun dan pangngai-hlim leh ralmuang takin an la awm thei a, thingtlang lam nuna an hlimna ber pakhat-nula leh tlangval inlâwm tawnna a tar lang a; Mizo ei leh bar zawnna ber lo neih a nih angin an nula leh tlangval hlimna hmun ber pawh ram lamah a ni a, hei hian nature-a an innghahna leh an inzawmna a tarlang nghal a ni. Hei bakah hian khawpui nun chu a buaiin a hahthlak a, zokhaw nun chu a hahdamthlak a ni tih chu nature leh culture inzawmna a tarlan rual hian a rawn tarlang nghal bawk a ni.
Romantic period atâ tawh khawpui nun ai chuan thingtlang lam nun chu hahdam zawk leh nuam zawk ang a ngaihna hi a lian tawh a, chu mai chu a la ni lo, Romantic critic leh Romantic poet tam zawk chuan mihring nun a nih ang taka a lan chhuahna awm chhun chu thingtlang nunah hian a ni tiin ngaih dân an nei a. A chhan ber pawh mihring leh khuarel (nature) chu inhnaih takin an la khawsa a, an hlutna leh mawina inṭawmin an la inhriatsak tawn vang a ni tiin an sawi bawk.
He ngaih dân hi Mizote paw'n kan ṭawm hle niin a lang a, khawpui nun chuan changkanna leh hausakna te a kengtel tih kan pawma kan hmuh rualin, nun hlimawm leh nuam kan mitthla apiangin thingtlang lam nun chu kan mitthla ber a ni fo a. A mawlmang (simple)-na chu a mawina niin, khawpui nun anga thil neihte changkang lem lo mah se, chu thingtlang nun chu engtin emaw nuam zawk leh hahdamthlak zawk ang a ngaihna a awm tlat ṭhin a ni.
He ngaih dân nei sa chung hian Mizo ziak mi tam takin thu an ziak ṭhin a, an thuziak tam takah khawpui chuan nun hahthlak leh chiri a entir (symbolize)-in, thingtlang chuan hahdamna leh nun hlimawm a entir fo a ni. Khawlkungi pawh a bâng bik lo va, he thawnthuah pawh hian thingtlang lam hi hahdamna a lantir a, buaina leh lungngaihna a changtute'n an tawhna hmun ber mah ni se, thingtlang khua leh a chhehvela khuarel thilsiam (nature) tam tak chu tidamtu healing agent angin an lan chang a awm bawk a ni.
3. Nature As A Nostalgic Agent:
Khawlkungi hian he thawnthua khuarel (nature) a hman dan pakhat langsar tak dang chu lunglênna kai thotu hmanruaah a ni a, hei bâkah hian a changtu (character) rilru, a bik takin Vanlalremi khawharna leh lunglênna rilru awm dan fiah taka tar lan nan nature chu a hmang bawk. Nun hluia lunglênna (nostalgia) Remi rilrua khuarel thilin a kaih harh dan chu hetiang hian a tar lang a:
“Ṭhal khaw êng lâwma nipui therengte lênbuang zara zai an han rem chu, Remi chuan a ngaithla reng a. Zawlpala thlan tlangah chuan khua a han hawi vel a, Farṭuahte chu an par vul chûk mai si a. Meikhu sen phût mai karah chuan lunglêng em emin, hla taka tlang dumpawl ruih mai lo langte chu a thlir vang vang a, a pa dam laite a ngaihtuah neuh neuh va, a pa aw dam thlap te chu a bengah a lo ri chhuak leh ta a. Naupang tê a nih laia a nuin an kawtkaia a kaih ṭhin te chu a mitthlaah a lo lang chhuak leh ta uar uar a” tiin.
Remi’n a nuapan lai ngaia a lunglên chhan leh lunglên tirtu ber chu a vela khuarel thil leh hla taka a hmuh phak tâwka khuarel thil mawi te an ni a, a hmuh satliah avanga lunglêng nghal ngawt ni lovin, khuarel chu a naupan lai leh a nun hlui kengtu (symbol) an nih vang a ni. Contemporary Psychology-a nostalgia an sawi fiah dan chuan, mihring hi thil eng emaw (object) kan hmuha kan nun hlui ngaia kan lunglên nghal ṭhin chhan chu, kan thil hmuh leh hriat te chu kan nun hluia kan lo hmuh leh hriat fo thil an nih vang a ni a, kan rilruah hriat loh karah nem kaia awmin kan hriatrengna chhinchhiahna (symbol) ah an chang a, chung thil (object) chu kan hmuha kan hriat leh veleh hun kal tawha nuam kan tih leh kan hlimna kan hriatrengte kaiharhtu an lo ni ta ṭhin a ni.
Professor Morris Holbrook chuan hun kal tawh ngaia lunglênna lo chhuah dan (Nature of Nostalgia) a chhuinaah chuan, “heng symbol te hi naupan laia eng emaw lai hun berah chuan kan rilru leh heng symbol te hian inlaichinna leh inzawmna thûk tak an lo siam ṭhin niin a lang”[1] tiin a sawi a. Remi dinhmun en hian, a nun hlui hril chhuak lehtu (symbol) chu khuarel thil (nature) an ni a, chuvang chuan khuarel thil (nature) nen an inhne hnaiin, a rilru thuah ril ber (unconscious mind) thununtu lian tak chu khuarel (nature) a ni tih a lang.
Child analysis avanga hriat hlawh British Psychologist Melanie Klein chuan heng symbol-te hi mihringin a duh ang taka a thlan zawk niin a ngai a, “ chung symbol hmang chuan chhungril lam (internal world) ah kan nun hluite chu siam tharin, kan tem nawn leh ṭhin a ni” (ibid) tiin a sawi a. He ngaih dân aṭanga thlir phei chuan Remi khan khuarel thil chu a nun hlui kai thotu atan amah vêkin khuarel thilte chu a hmuh rualin hmanrua (symbol) ah a hmang a tih theih a, a pa aw dam thlap te pawh a bengah a hre nawn leh hial a nih kha.
Hei bakah hian a ziaktu hian nature chu mihring ang maia chan (personify) in, Remi lungngaihna chu a chhiartuten an chanpui (feel) theihna tur leh an hriat thiam theihna turin Remi lungngaihna thûk tak chu khuarel thil hmang vêkin a tar lang leh a:
“Amah leh amah chu inkhawngaihin lungchhe takin a ṭap chhuak ta phawng mai a. Nipui therengte lam pawh chuan a lungngaihna chu an lo ṭawmpui ve a ni ang e tih mai turin farṭuah zarah chuan an awrawl theihtâwpin an lo ṭahpui ve a, Chêp Chêp tak ngial pawh a bâng bik lo” tiin.
A pa tih loha a ngaih ber Malsawma pawh hriat chhuahtirtu chu khuarel thilsiam (nature) tho an ni a, rama an riah laia zana thla êng mawi tak hnuaia a thil hmuhte chuan a rilrua riak reng Malsawma a ngaihna chu a kai tho a:
“Remi chuan ‘A rilru pakhatah erawh chuan heng zan thla êng leh ram vel mawizia hi Malsawma khan han hmu ve sela, tunah te hian amah nen heng Siamtu kutchhuak ropui leh mawina zawng zawng hi thlir dun ila, he khawvel piaha hlimna kan chan tur chu kan lo tem lâwk thei ngei ang le’ tiin a inngaihtuah a, a lung a lo lêng hle tawh a ni tih a hre chhuak ta a”.
Remi'n, “he khawvel piaha kan chan tur chu kan lo tem lâwk thei ngei ang le” tia a ngaihtuah thlen dan phei hi chuan khuarel thilsiam (nature) chu mihringin a suangtuah theih mawina leh hlimna zawng zawng awmna nia a ngaih vanramah pawh mawina tizualtu leh mawina siamtu ber tur anga a la suangtuah zelna hian khuarel thilsiamin mihring suangtuahna a luah thûk zia leh khuarel thilsiam tel lova awm tura inngaih loh hrim hrimna hian mihring leh khuarel thil chuan inzawmna thûk tak an neihzia a tar lang a, vanram suangtuahnaah khuarel thilsiam la mamawh tlat anga a inhriatna hian mihring leh khuarel thilsiamte chu inmamawh tawn an nihzia pawh a tarlang a; ziak mite hian an hriat loh kar (unconsciously) in nature leh mihring inzawmna thûk tak chu an thuziakah an tar lang fo a ni.
Hetiang hian Khawlkungi hian he thawnthuah hian khuarel thil (nature) chu a thawnthu kalphung leh innghahna nen inrem takin a tar lang a, a thawnthu leh a kutchhuak thu leh hla dang ai mahin he thawnthu biakah hian khuarel thil (nature) hi a hmang thiam hle a, khawpui nun ai chuan zokhaw nunin khuarel thil a la hnaih zawk zia leh inzawmna an neih nghet zawk zia a tar lang bakah khuarel thil siam te’n mihring nun chhung lam leh pawn lama a luah hneh zia te, khuarel (nature) chu mihring nun hril chhuaktu a nih dan te hi a tar lang chiang hle a tih theih awm e.
References:
Cuddon, J.A. Dictionary of Literary Terms & Literary Theory. Penguin Books, 2014.
Glotfelty, Cherlly. Harold Formm (ed). The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology. University of Georgia Press, 1996.
Garrard, Greg. Ecocriticism (The New Critical Idiom). Taylor & Francis Ltd, 3rd edition, 2023.
Jha, Shivani. Ecocritical Readings: Rethinking Nature and Environment. Partridge India, 2015.
Nagarajan, M.S. English Literary Criticism and Theory. Orient Blackswan Private Limited, 2020.
Sumathy. U. Ecocriticism In Practice. Sarup Book Publishers, 2011.
Internet Sources:
Nature of Nostalgia, contemporarypsychology.org.
The Psychology of Nostalgia, http://www.psychologytoday.com
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